Gravity: It is the force by which any body or planet draws object towards its center. It is this force that keeps us on ground and work as an aid for planets to be in their orbits around sun.
Sir Isaac Newton discovered Gravity when he saw a falling apple while thinking about forces of nature.He determined each and every object has Gravitational Force in it.
Gravity has many important functions like:
- On earth Gravity gives weight to physical objects.
-It helps to guide the growth of plants.
-It influence the fluid circulation in organisms.
- Moon's gravity is responsible for sublunar tides in the oceans.
Electromagnetism: It is the force by which electrically charged particles interact with each other in the presence of a magnetic field. The field can be static,slowly,changing or in the form of a wave,these waves are transverse in nature.
Hans Christian Oersted ,a Danish Scientist discovered electromagnetism in 1820. He, through his experiments found out that electric current can produce magnetic fields.
Electromagnetism has many important functions like:
-Many devices like loudspeakers,MRI machines,electric bells works on this mechanism.
- Fibre optic and wireless transmission of data Is done with the help electromagnetism.
- It aids in the production,transformation and distribution of electrical energy.
Optics: It is the study of behavior and properties of light along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it.
Ibn al-Haytham was known as the "Father of modern optics". With his wisdom, he wrote the Book of Optics.
Optics has many functions like:
- It's application can be seen in everyday objects like mirrors which form image by reflection, lenses which works on refraction.
- It's application justifies the formation of a rainbow ( dispersion:splitting of white light into colors)
- It's application led to the development of microscopes and telescopes.
- It's application aids to extend human vision and other tasks.
- Thermodynamics: It is the study of scientific relation of heat,work and temperature with energy,entropy and physical properties of matter and radiation.
Sadi Carnot was known as the "Father if Thermodynamics" who in 1824 published a book which was considered as a starting point for Thermodynamics as Contemporary Science.
Thermodynamics has many functions like:
- It was originally developed to increase effectiveness of steam engines.
- Air conditioners operate on the law of Thermodynamics using a refrigerant to absorb heat and cool the air.
- Thermodynamic cycles are used to increase efficiency and minimize consumption of fuels.
- Photosynthesis is also regarded as thermodynamical process where plants create chemical energy using light energy and water.
Quantum Physics Wonders
Wave-Particle Duality: It is the study of waves and particles which can exhibit each other's properties. According to experimental circumstances, fundamental entities like photons and electrons exhibit Particle and wave properties both.
Louis De Broglie discovered this mechanism in 1923. He proposed that all objects with mass have wave properties like wavelength and frequency.
Wave-Particle Duality has many functions like:
- It's application is to observe objects that are far away.
-The development of quantum computers has been possible because of this theory.
-Many scientists applied this theory to prove their experiments.
Entanglement: It is the study of two particles which even being on a vast distance remain connected and have correlated properties like photons or electrons.
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen discovered quantum entanglement in 1935. They published a paper describing the phenomenon, which they called "spooky action at a distance".
Entanglement has many functions like:
- It's application allow quantum computers to work smoothly which isn't possible with classical computers.
-It is applied in teleportation and super dense coding.
- It is used in the application of quantum cryptography.
Superposition: It is the study of particles which can exist in a multiple state simultaneously in a linear system. The net response caused by two particles is the sum of responses that has been caused by each Particle independently.
Nicolaus Steno discovered Superposition in 1669 during his research on strata(layered rocks) which showed sequential changes meaning rocks have histories.
Superposition has many functions like:
- It's principle is applied to describe the behavior of waves and circuits.
- In quantum mechanics, superposition can describe the state of a system that is in a combination of different states.
- The rolling motion of a wheel can be described by the superposition principle.
Quantum Tunneling: It is the study of phenomenon which allows particles to pass through barriers that would be impossible to pass through in classical Physics.
Freidrich Hund first discovered this possibility in 1927 while calculating the ground state energy of a double well potential.
Quantum Tunneling has many functions like:
-It is applied in the process of nuclear fusion.
- To scan the Tunneling microscopes this application is applied
-In Josephson junctions, superconducting pairs of electrons can tunnel through a thin insulating barrier to carry a superconducting current
Relativity and Cosmology Wonders
Time Dilation: It is the study of the physical phenomenon where time moves differently for different observers in the same inertial frame. It usually refers to effect due to velocity.
Albert Einstein discovered time dilation in 1905 in his theory of relativity.
Time dilation has many functions like:
-Time dilation can be used to measure general relativity.
-Time dilation can be used to study the expansion of the universe.
-Time dilation can be used to study the age of the universe.
Length Contraction: It is the study of the phenomenon where objects Length appears shorter than it's actual length with respect to observer's frame. IT is only noticeable when an object is moving at a significant fraction of the speed of light.
George Fitzgerald in 1889 proposed the idea of length Contraction which was later independently developed by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in 1892.
Length Contraction has many functions like:
- It is applied to study high speed particles in Particle Accelerators.
- It is applied to study about space travel as it affects the distance between objectsin space,such as the distance between earth and another planet.
Black Holes: It is a dense region with ver high gravity that nothing-not even light can escape.
In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild found the first modern solution of general relativity that would characterise a black hole.
They play a significant role by recycling debris,Shaping galaxies and influence the formation of stars.
The Expanding Universe: It is the theory in which it was observed that the distance between Gravitationally unbound parts of universe is increasing over time.
Astronomer Edwin Hubble first observed such expansion in 1929 with a 100 inch Hooker Telescope.
The ongoing theory is that the universe will continue to expand infinitely , eventually becoming too cold to sustain life. This is known as "Heat Death", "Big Chill", or "Big Freeze".
Modern Physics Wonders
Particle Accelerators: It is a machine that uses high electromagnetic fields to direct electrically charged particles at a very high speed and energies to contain them in a well defined beam.Cathode ray tube is a small scale example of these kind of machines.
Particle accelerators have many functions like:
-They help scientists understand the nature of matter, quantum physics, and the forces that shape particles.
- They provide proton anx ion beam for cancer treatment.
- They can be used for medical diagnosis and therapies.
Superconductors: It is a type of material which when cooled to a certain temperature called critical temperature for that material can conduction electricity without any resistance or energy loss. It is the state where current can flow indefinitely leading to superconductivity.
Some of the notable examples of superconductors are aluminium, magnesium diboride, niobium, copper oxide, yttrium barium and iron pnictides.
Superconductors have many functions like:
- MRI Scans are done with the help of these Superconductors.
-Nuclear fusion reaction takes place with the help of these materials.
- The superconducting generators are used to generate wind turbines
- Cables made up of these materials can generate power over lon distances with minimal loss.
Nanotechnology: It is the study of manipulation of atoms and molecules at nanoscale(having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 nanometres or less) to design and produce devices.
The credit of its discovery mainly goes to Richard Feynman and Norio Taniguchi.
Nanotechnology has many functions like:
-Nanoparticles can deliver drugs to specific sites of the body reducing side effects.
-It is used in the manufacturing of paints,filters,insulation and lubricant additives.
-It can be used to create more durable construction materials.
